MAVJUDLIK MOHIYATDAN AVVALMI YOKI KEYIN?
Abstract
Ushbu maqola falsafaning eng qadimiy va dolzarb savollaridan biri – “mavjudlik mohiyatdan avval keladimi yoki mohiyat mavjudlikdan avval?” – mavzusini chuqur tahlil qiladi. An’anaviy falsafada mohiyat mavjudlikdan ustun turadi: narsa avval “qanday bo‘lishi kerak”ligi bilan belgilangan holda yaratiladi. XX asr ekzistensializmi esa bu tartibni teskari qiladi: Jan-Pol Sartrning mashhur shiori bo‘yicha “mavjudlik mohiyatdan avval keladi”. Inson avval mavjud bo‘ladi, keyin o‘z harakatlari, tanlovlari va mas’uliyati orqali mohiyatini o‘zi yaratadi. Maqola falsafiy adabiyotni va zamonaviy ilmiy tadqiqotlarni solishtiradi. Ilmiy dalillar – masalan, Stiven Jey Gould va Elisabeth Vrba tomonidan taklif qilingan exaptatsiya, biologiyada emergentlik (paydo bo‘lish) va Robert Sapolskining determinizm g‘oyalari – Sartning pozitsiyasini kuchli qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, zamonaviy ilm-fan “oldindan belgilangan mohiyat” g‘oyasini rad etib, mavjudlikning ustunligini tasdiqlaydi.
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References
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